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Untitled Document Filariasis is a helminthic infection found principally in tropical and subtropical areas in Africa, and in the South Pacific regions, it is caused by infection with members of the Phylum Nemata Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori and onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, which is caused by infection with Onchocerca volvulus (Hojas et al., 2009). The disease is transmitted from man through several genera and species of mosquitoes. The acute disease is manifested by recurrent chills and fever and by visible swelling or nodules of the lymphatic system and redness of the overlaying skin due to parasitic involvement.
Sl. No Species Host Pathology Vector
1 Onchocerca volvulus Humans Onchocerciasis: eye lesions and blindness, skin lesions and itchine Simulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae)
2 Brugia malayi Humans, monkeys, carnivores Lymphaticfilariasis:lymphoedema, elephantiasis,genital pathology Mansonia and Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
3 Brugia timori Humans Lymphatic filariasis: lymphoedema, elephantiasis, genital pathology Anopeheles barbirostris (Diptera: Culicidae)
4 Wuchereria bancrofti Humans Lymphatic filariasis: lymphoedema, elephantiasis, genital pathology Culicine and Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
5 Loa loa Humans, cercopithecids Loiasis: angioedema, conjunctiva damage, fibrosis Chrysops spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae)
6 Mansonella streptocerca Humans, Anthropoids Mansonelliasis: skin lesions, pruritus, papular eruptions Culicoides grahami (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
7 Mansonella perstans Humans, Anthropoids Mansonelliasis: mostly asymptomatic, angioedema, pruritus, headaches, arthralgias Culicoides grahami, C. austeni (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
8 Mansonella ozzardi Humans Mansonelliasis: mostly asymptomatic, adenopathy, pruritus, arthralgias, headaches Simulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae); Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
9 Dirofilaria immitis Canids, Felids Canine heartworm disease and feline cirofilariasis: thrombosis, perivascular inflammation, death Culicine and Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
10 Dirofilaria repens Canids, Felids Subcutaneous filariasis: largely asymptomatic Culicine and Anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
11 Litomosoides carinii Rodents Anaemia, Leukopenia Ornithonyssus bacoti (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae)
12 Litomosoides sigmodontis Rodents Anaemia, Leukopenia Ornithonyssus bacoti (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae)

It is a major cause of acute and chronic morbidity in 81 countries in Asia-Pacific, Africa and the Americas (WHO, 2008). Approximately 1.3 billion people living in these regions are at risk of infection (WHO, 2008). The adult parasites live 5 to 10 years, of which the fecund life span is 4 to 6 years. Several hundreds to thousands of infective mosquito bites are necessary to establish infection. Of the three parasites, W. bancrofti accounts for nearly 90 percent of LF infections worldwide. B. malayi is prevalent only in some parts of South and Southeast Asia, and B. timori is found only in Indonesia.

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Rosana O. B., Shaji A., Riju A., Reena N., Santhosh J Eapen and Shamina A.